søndag 7. juli 2013

Historical timeline of the Jewish people part 2


Continued from the blog  "Historical timeline of the Jewish people part 1"   (July 2013). Due to the length of this historical timeline. I had to split this blog into three parts.

63 B.C. - Jerusalem conquered by Pompey, who makes Jerusalem a Roman

37 B.C. - Herod appointed King in Jerusalem by Rome.

20 B.C. - Herod begins restoration of the 2nd Temple.



4 B.C. - The birth of Jesus.

The Jewish understanding of the Messiah

The Christian understanding of the Messiah


30 A.D. Jesus crucified.


Who crucified Jesus? From an evangelical Christian viewpoint.

66-73 - The Jewish revolt against the Romans.

66 - Jewish Zealots capture Masada from the Romans.

Worldwide Dispersion/Diaspora:

70 - Jerusalem destroyed, including the second Temple (on the 9th of Av), by
the Romans who begin expelling the Jews from The Land.


73 - Masada, the last stronghold of the Jewish rebellion, falls to the
Romans.

132-135 - The Bar-Kokhba uprising against Rome temporarily wins Jerusalem
back.

Part of a letter by Bar Kokhba

135 - The Bar Kokhba revolt is defeated by the Romans (on the 9th of Av),
who kill over 580,000 Jews.
         - Jerusalem is rebuilt and renamed Aelia Capitolina, from which all
Jews are banned.

         - Judea is renamed Syria Palestina (Palestine), from which all Jews
are banned. The invention of Palestine

136 - The Temple area in Jerusalem was plowed under by the Romans on the 9th
of Av.

306 - The Spanish Synod of Elvira forbids Christians to eat with Jews or to
intermarry with them.

Timeline of Antizemitism

324 - Jerusalem under Byzantine rule.

326 - Queen Helena, the mother of Byzantine Emperor Constantine, visits
Jerusalem and starts building churches, including The Church of The Holy


362 - Julian the Apostate allows Jews to return to Jerusalem.

395 - The Roman Empire is partitioned into Eastern and Western divisions.
Palestine comes under the Eastern division.

570 - Birth of Mohammed.

622 -The birth of Islam

614 - Jerusalem conquered by Persians.

624 - Mohammed executes all Jewish males in Medina, levies a tax on all Jews
in Khybar, and changes the prayer direction of his followers from Jerusalem
to Mecca.

627 - Mohammed executes all Jewish men in Qurayzah and sells their women and
children as slaves.

629 - Jerusalem is retaken by the Byzantines.  Jews are banned from
Jerusalem by Bishop Modestos, the Christian Patriarch of Jerusalem.

632 - Death of Mohammed.

633 - Jews are banned from Jerusalem by Bishop Sophronius, the Christian
Patriarch of Jerusalem.

636 - Muslim conquest of Jerusalem.

The Caliph Umar is riding into Jerusalem on a camel and asks the Patriarch of Jerusalem Sophronius, to show him the holy places.
Umar’s conquest of Jerusalem was peaceful, leaving intact the Christian holy sites and permitting Jews to reenter the city and settle near the Western Wall.
But Umar made ​​a covenant with the Jews and Christians, the Umar covenant, which made them second-class citizens, called Dhimma.

The Omar covenant

638 - Muslim conquest of Palestine.

638-1099 The Arab Period

650 - The compilation of Mohammed's Quran is completed.

691 - The Dome of the Rock is completed on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.

701 - The Al Aqsa Mosque is completed on the Temple Mount.

747 - An earthquake hits Jerusalem, collapsing part of the Dome of the Rock.

771 - Another earthquake hits Jerusalem and the Temple Mount.

813 - Another earthquake hits Jerusalem.

969 - Egyptian Fatimids take control of Jerusalem. (Shia Islam)

1012 - The Jews are expelled from part of the Rhineland.

Jews were expelled from Western Europe, driven eastward, in the time of the crusaders.

Timeline for the Jews of Europe.

1033 - Another earthquake hits Jerusalem.

1066 - Jews enter Britain for the first time.
1077 - Jerusalem captured by the Turks.

1095 - The Crusades declared by Pope Urban II on the 9th of Av.


1096 - The Crusaders massacre Jews in the Rhineland.


1099 - The First Crusade captures Jerusalem. 

Video: The First Crusade -The Slaughter of Jerusalem

The Latin kingdom of Jerusalem

The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

1144 - Anti-Jewish riots in England.

1146 - Christians volunteering to fight in the Second Crusade were decreed
to be released from all debts owed to Jews.

1168 - A Jewish massacre in England.

1170 - The Third Crusade.  Jews were accused of the infamous "Blood Libel"
and massacred.

1181 - Another Jewish massacre in England.

1182 - King Phillip of France expelled Jews, confiscated their property,
turned synagogues into churches, and forced Jews to wear identification
badges.

1187 - The Muslim, Saladin, takes Jerusalem from the Crusaders.

In July 1187 Saladin captured most of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin

Saladin's victory over the Crusaders at the battle of Hattin.

Video - Three lecture by Prof. Graham Loud about the significance of the Battle of Hattin
in 1187, for the power relations between Christianity and Islam in the Middle East.

1189 - Jewish massacres throughout England at the coronation of Richard the
Lionhearted.

1190 - Another Jewish massacre in England.

1192 - Richard the Lionheart fails to re-conquer Jerusalem.

1212 - 300 English and French Rabbis settle in Jerusalem.

1215 - The Fourth Lateran Council requires Jews to wear distinctive clothing
for easy identification, and bars them from holding civil office.

1222 - The Synod of Oxford, England requires Jews to wear an identifying
patch.

1229 - Crusaders conquer Jerusalem.

An overview of the many Crusader expeditions.

1239 - Muslims re-conquer Jerusalem.
(The Muslim claim to Jerusalem)

1240 - The Paris Disputation.

1242 - The burning of the Talmud in Paris on the 9th of Av.

1243 - Crusaders re-conquer Jerusalem.

1244 - Jerusalem sacked by Tartars.

1247 - Jerusalem conquered by Egyptian Mamelukes.

1255 - A Massacre of Jews in England.

1259 - Jerusalem sacked by the Mongols.

The Mongol Empire in 1259

1264 - Jewish persecution sweeps England.

1276 - The Jews expelled from upper Bavaria.


1278 - Jews arrested throughout England and their property confiscated, 300
hanged.

1288 -  Massacre of local Jews in Troyes, France.

1290 - On the 9th of Av, King Edward I signed the edict to expel all Jews
from England.  16,000 left, beginning 350 years of Jewish exile from
England.

1306 - Phillip the Tall expelled 100,000 Jews from France and confiscated
their property.

1322 - The Spanish Synod of Valladolid demands intolerance toward the Jews.

1329 - The Spanish Synod of Tarragona demands intolerance toward the Jews.

1335 - The Synod of Salamanca forbids employment of Jewish doctors.

1347 - Jerusalem conquered by the Mamelukes again.

1348-49 - Anti-Jewish riots in Poland. (The black death pogroms)

1351-1353 - The bubonic plague hits Jerusalem.

1391 - Anti-Jewish riots and massacres in Spain, 50,000 Jews murdered in
Castile.  The Jews required to wear distinctive clothing for identification.

Brutal torture methods used to interrogate  Marranos into confessing that they were Jewish during the Spanish Inquisition. 

1394 - The Jews again expelled from France.

1407 - Anti-Jewish riots in Poland.

1421 - The Jews in Vienna had their possessions confiscated, their children
forcibly converted.  270 Jews were burned at the stake.

1424 -  The Jews expelled from Cologne.

1432 - The Jews expelled from Saxony.

1435 - The Jews expelled from Spires and Zurich.

1438 -  The Jews expelled from Mainz.

1439 - The Jews expelled from Augsburg.

1442 - The Jews expelled from Bavaria.

1454 - The Jews expelled from the crown cities of Moravia.

1478 - The Inquisition established to exterminate heretics, including Jews.

1485 - The Jews expelled from Perugia, Italy.

1486 - The Jews expelled from Vicenza, Italy.

1489 - The Jews expelled from Milan and Lucca, Italy.

1490 - The Jews expelled from Geneva, Switzerland. 

         - Hebrew Bibles burned by the Inquisition in Spain.

1492 - 300,000 Jews expelled from Spain.  Christopher Columbus watched them
leaving in ships as he was leaving to discover the New World.

Was Columbus secretly a Jew? 

1494 - The Jews expelled from Florence and all Tuscany. 

           - Anti-Jewish riots in Poland.

1495 - The Jews expelled from Cracow and Lithuania.

1497 - The Jews expelled from Portugal, Sicily, and Sardinia.

1502 - The Jews expelled from Rhodes

1506 - The Jews again expelled from Portugal.

1516 - The first Jewish ghetto in Venice.

1517 - Jerusalem surrenders to Ottoman Sultan Selim, the beginning of
400 years of Ottoman rule.

1541 - The Jews expelled from Naples. 

          - Suleiman the Magnificent completes the walls around Jerusalem, the walls we can see today.


The Walls Of Jerusalem Today

         - Jerusalem's Golden Gate is sealed by the Muslims to prevent The Messiah's
entrance.

1543 - Martin Luther writes his 200-page pamphlet, "Against the Jews and
Their Lies".

1555 - In Spain, all copies of the Jewish Scriptures in Spanish are seized
and burned.
        
          - Pope Paul IV forces all of the Jews in Rome into a ghetto on the
left bank of the Tiber River, surrounded by a wall, and locked at night.
This was the last ghetto in western Europe to be abolished, in 1848.

1556 - Earthquake in Jerusalem.

1593 - Pope Clement VIII banished Jews from the Vatican State.

1648 - 100,000 Jews massacred in Poland and 700 Jewish communities destroyed
in the Ukraine.

1654 - The first Jews come to America.

1670 - The Jews expelled from France again after Blood Libel charges.


1719 - Rhode Island excludes Jews from voting and from holding public

1775 - Pope Pius VI issues edict to suppress the Jewish religion.

1791 - Tsarist Russia confines the Jews to the "Pale of Settlement"
between the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea.


Emancipation of the Jews in France.

1798 - Napoleon Bonaparte visits the Holy Land.


1799 - Napoleon Bonaparte encouraged the return of the Jews to their land in
Palestine.
Napoleon and the jews.

1831 - Jerusalem conquered by Mohammed Ali of Egypt.

1838 - British Consulate opened in Jerusalem.

1840 - Jerusalem again under Turkish control, after being conquered by Mohammed Ali of Egypt from 1831.

         - In Damascus, anti-Jewish pogroms initiated by the Roman Catholic

         - British foreign secretary, Lord Palmerston, strongly recommended
to the Ottoman government ruling Palestine that they should encourage the
Jews of Europe to return to Palestine.

1844 - First official census confirms a Jewish majority in Jerusalem.


1854 - The Crimean War begins over disputes regarding Jerusalem.

1861 - The Zion Society is formed in Frankfurt, Germany.

1867 - Mark Twain visits Palestine.

 Mark Twain writes the book "The Innocents Abroad" after the trip to Palestine, which can be found here: http://www.shechem.org/machon/mtwain/


1879 - The word "anti-Semitism" was coined by Wilhelm Marr in Germany.

Continued from the blog "Historical timeline of the Jewish people part 2" (July 2013)
Due to the length I had two split this blog into three parts.

Moving toward the Restoration of the Nation of Israel:
1850s Moses Montefiore building Jewish institutions in Jerusalem



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